مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری
سال بیست و یکم شماره 1 (پیاپی 71، بهار 1402)

Many researchers are interested in comparing different approaches in order to be more effective; In this regard, the aim of this research was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness and spirituality therapy on the resilience of divorced women.

Methods and Materials: 

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this study was all divorced women covered by the welfare of Tehran in 1399, from which 45 qualified volunteers were included in the study, who were divided into two experimental groups and one control group by age homogenization. In the present study, to describe and analyze the data, analysis of variance with repeated measures, Bonferroni post hoc test and SPSS software with a significance level of 0.05 were used.

The results of the present study showed that the post-test and follow-up, the mean scores of resilience It has increased significantly in the experimental groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). In other words, cognitive therapy based on mindfulness and spiritual therapy have been effective on resilience scores (p<0.05). Also, the effect of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness in the post-test phase has been more effective than spiritual therapy on increasing resilience. In the group of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness, spiritual therapy, post-test and follow-up resilience scores increased compared to the pre-test, and no significant difference was observed between the post-test and follow-up averages in both groups. Also, in the control group, there is no significant difference between the mean scores of the pre-test, post-test and follow-up resilience (P<0.05).

Cognitive therapy based on mindfulness and spiritual therapy for both divorced women seem to improve resilience in these individuals and reduce the individual and social consequences of divorce.

The Coronavirus disease pandemic has caused high stress, anxiety and distress for the healthcare workers. Although the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and spiritual coping with psychological distress has been confirmed, little attention has been paid to mediating factors of this relationship. Therefore, the aim of present study was investigating the mediating role of Coronavirus anxiety in the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and spiritual coping with the psychological distress in healthcare workers during COVID-19.

Methods and Materials:

 This study is a fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of method. The statistical population included all healthcare workers in Mashhad, Iran. In this cross- sectional descriptive research, 366 healthcare workers participated, in the year 2021. The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, spiritual coping questionnaire, Corona disease anxiety scale and psychological distress scale were used to collect data. The research data were analyzed using descriptive indices, Pearson correlation coefficient and Path analysis method.

The results showed that the level of psychological distress and Coronavirus anxiety in the healthcare workers are 17.01±10.52 and 13.26±8.91. There was a significant relationship between maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, positive and negative spiritual coping, and Coronavirus anxiety with psychological distress (P<0.01). The model related to mediating role of Coronavirus anxiety in the relationship between maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and negative spiritual coping with the psychological distress in healthcare workers had a good fit (CFI = 0.99, NFI = 0.99, IFI = 0.99, GFI = 1, RMSEA = 0.078).

The results show that emotion regulation, spiritual coping and Coronavirus anxiety play an important role in the psychological distress in healthcare workers. These findings can help to develop emotion-oriented and spiritual-oriented interventions to reduce the Coronavirus anxiety and the psychological distress caused by pandemic diseases such as Corona in the healthcare workers.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder in the intestinal-gastric system that is defined by specific intestinal-gastric symptoms without an organic cause. The aim of the research was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on treatment compliance and pain intensity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

The present study was a semi-experimental research method of pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a 2-month follow-up group. The statistical population of this research was all the patients with irritable bowel syndrome in Isfahan city in 2017, 15 people were selected by the available sampling method and randomly divided into an intervention group using the acceptance and commitment treatment method and a control group. Data were collected using Seyed Fatemi et al. treatment adherence questionnaire (TAQ) (2017) and Durkin et al. pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2) (2009). The intervention of acceptance and commitment therapy was carried out during 8 sessions of 90 minutes once a week; But the control group did not receive any intervention. The research data was analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements.

The findings showed that the acceptance and commitment treatment method is effective on the treatment compliance of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (p<0.05). Also, the treatment method of acceptance and commitment of pain severity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome was effective (P<0.05).

It can be concluded that acceptance and commitment therapy is effective on treatment adherence and pain intensity.

Health tourism is becoming one of the most important branches of the industry. The health industry can act as a driving industry and develop side industries as well. Iran is one of the countries that, in addition to natural attractions, also has good capabilities in the field of treatment, and despite all these potentials, a suitable mechanism for targeting this industry has not been developed in Iran.

The present study seeks to provide a providing a model of positive emotions and behavior in health tourism. The statistical population of this research includes health tourists of Adel Hospital in Tehran. The sampling method is being used in several cases. And considering that the statistical population was unlimited, the sample size of 384 people was determined using Morgan's table. A questionnaire has been used to collect the needs and the data analysis has been done using structural models and with the help of SPSS and LISREL software.

The results of data analysis showed that pleasure affects satisfaction by 5.80, pleasure affects loyalty by 3.34, arousal affects satisfaction by 6.55, and arousal affects loyalty by 7.89 (P<0.05).

It is suggested that service providers and managers of health tourism, by focusing on positive emotions and considering the potential of health tourism in Iran, will create positive behavioral tendencies in health tourists, which will ultimately make better themselves than regional and equal level countries.

Defects in cognitive control and response inhibition along with disturbance in sleep quality have been observed in people with anxiety symptoms. Based on this, the present study aims to investigate the role of response inhibition, cognitive control and sleep quality in predicting the symptoms of male adolescent anxiety disorders were investigated. 

Methods and Materials:

 The method of the current research was quantitative and correlational. The statistical population of the present study was made up of all male students of the second year of high school in Tehran in the second semester of 1400-1401, out of which 290 people were selected by available sampling method. To collect data from the Go/No Go task (GO/NO GO) by Hoffman (1984), the Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire (CCFQ) by Gabers et al. (2018), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale (PSQI) by Bayse et al. (1989), and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) March et al. (1997) were used. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression.

The results showed that inappropriate response inhibition and low sleep quality have a significant positive relationship with the symptoms of anxiety disorders, and cognitive control has a significant negative relationship with it. Also, response inhibition, cognitive control and sleep quality explain 40.6% of the variance of the symptoms and signs of anxiety disorders.

Based on the mentioned results, it can be concluded that response inhibition, cognitive control, and sleep quality as effective factors on the symptoms and signs of anxiety disorders in adolescents should be considered by specialists and therapists.

Paramedical majors are an attractive and highly demanded field of study among students. But recently, one can see students and graduates of these fields changing majors, failing academics, and re-participating in the national exam. This research was conducted to investigate and identify the psychological factors of harm in the process of choosing a major for paramedical students.

Methods and Materials:

 This study was conducted with a qualitative approach, using the grounded theory method and Strauss and Corbin approach. The statistical population included all the students in paramedical majors of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences who studied in the academic year 2021-2022, 18 male and female students, were selected using purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews.

The information were recorded, coded, and categorized in the form of secondary codes, categories, and classes. The analysis of students' opinions led to the identification of 112 secondary codes, 14 sub-categories, and 4 main categories including inefficient cognitive skills, disturbed orientation, unsatisfied emotions and, ineffective behaviors and actions.

The findings of the research indicate that psychological factors play a significant role in creating and continuing the harms of the process of choosing an academic major, and individual and psychological problems can face challenges in the correct path of choosing a major. The results of this study can be effective in identifying and reducing the harms caused by personal and psychological factors in the path of choosing an academic major.

What is important in the treatment of a chronic disease such as diabetes is to improve the patient's quality of life in addition to control the symptoms of the disease. The trouble that a child with a chronic disease such as diabetes imposes is a problem that cannot be recognized only from the doctor's point of view and depends on what the mother of the sick child feels. Therefore, it seems necessary to identify the care factors of children with diabetes. In this research, the aim was to identify the care factors of children with diabetes based on the lived experiences of their mothers.

Methods and Materials:

 This study was conducted using a qualitative method and a phenomenological approach. The participants were 16 mothers with diabetic children whose information was collected through a semi-structured interview. Sampling was done in a purposeful way and the data was analyzed by the Colaizzi method.

The findings obtained in 3 main themes and 6 sub-themes including individual characteristics (psychological-physical functioning and emotional-social functioning), family (interpersonal interactions and psychological and social problems), educational issues (concerns and needs) classification became.

The results of the present study showed that knowing the care factors in children with diabetes can provide the basis for adopting supportive and therapeutic measures for them.

This is a descriptive correlational study of the type of structural equation conducted aiming at investigating the structural model of attitude towards body image based on the Achievement Identity Status with the mediating role of sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance among adolescent girls.

Methods and Materials:

 The study’s statistical population included all adolescent girls studying in the secondary level in Isfahan city in the academic year 2020-2019, 567 of whom were chosen by cluster random sampling, so that one of the six districts of education in Isfahan (District 5) was randomly selected and among the schools of this district, six schools and from each school, five classes (30 classes in total) were randomly selected and asked to participate in the study. To collect data, Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS-2), sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3), and unconditional self-acceptance questionnaire (USAQ) were used. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used with AMOS.

According to the findings, there is a significant relationship between the variables of identity status, sociocultural attitude towards appearance, and self-acceptance and attitude towards body image. Moreover, the findings revealed the effect of the achievement identity status on the attitude towards body image by mediating role of sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance, and among adolescent girls, the proposed model has a good fit.

The identity status affects the type of people’s attitude towards their body image as their first experienced ego by mediating role of the sociocultural attitude towards appearance and self-acceptance; hence, to improve the people’s attitude towards their body image, counseling centers, beauty centers, and schools are suggested to consider the aforementioned variables.

Today, the tendency of people, especially women, to perform various cosmetic surgeries has increased, and it is important to identify the causes of this problem. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of cognitive and emotional factors in the Botox injection in women referring to skin and hair clinics.

Methods and Materials:

 Among women referring to skin and hair clinics in Isfahan city in 2020, 60 women applying for Botox injections were selected and 60 normal women were matched with the first group in terms of demographic variables. The participants in the research responded to the beliefs about appearance scale (BAAS), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ), and body image concern inventory (BICI). The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and discriminate analysis.

The results showed that the mean scores of the dimensions of dysfunctional beliefs about appearance, except for the dimension of progress, rumination from the maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, and dysmorphic concern, are significantly higher in women undergoing Botox injections than normal women. Also, the results of the discriminate analysis showed that rumination from the dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and feelings from the dimensions of beliefs about appearance could predict Botox injection in women.

In general, these results showed that rumination and negative feelings towards oneself due to skin folds and wrinkles in women are the most important predictors of Botox injection in women; therefore, these findings can lead to solutions to prevent the tendency of people to apply unnecessary beauty treatments.

emotion management is one of the positive personality traits that has been the focus of many psychologists in recent years. Improving emotion management can improve people's quality of life and job performance. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of group training of emotion regulation on the job performance of doctors and nurses in general hospitals in Isfahan city during the Corona crisis.

Methods and Materials: 

The design of this research is a semi-experimental type of pre-test, post-test and follow-up with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this research included all the doctors and nurses of the general hospitals of Isfahan city in the first three months (April, May and June) of 2021. 40 doctors and nurses in Isfahan city were selected as the research sample using available sampling method. The experimental group received the emotion regulation training package for 8 sessions; the control group did not receive any training. The follow-up was done after three months. Repeated measurement test was used to analyze the results. The data was analyzed using SPSS software

The analysis of the obtained findings shows that the average scores of the job performance of the people according to the group (control and experiment) after adjusting the pre-test has a significant difference (p<0.05) and the experimental group after receiving adjustment training. Excitement shows higher job performance.

Therefore, it can be said that emotion regulation training increases general positive orientation, positive cognitive processes, and positive emotional functioning of people, and therefore improves the job performance of doctors and nurses during the outbreak of Corona.

Studies have showed that psycho-social performance is related to knowledge of developmental tasks. Due to loss of scale for developmental tasks’ assessment in the Iranian community, the present study was conducted to determine the psychometric properties of the developmental tasks scale.

Methods and Materials: 

The present study is psychometric, and the statistical sample comprised of 840 university students of different educational levels in 2019-20 in Tehran, who were selected through available sampling method, and asked to complete the developmental tasks scale prepared by the author, Ryff’s Scales Psychological Well-Being, and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Data were analyzed using SPSS24 software, Lisrel version 8.8M, and Jesp version 0.16.4.0.

The results of exploratory factor analysis depicted the existence of 5 factors, which collectively determined 65.442 percent of the overall variance of the instrument, while the results of the confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the results of the former analysis. The overall reliability coefficient of the tool was obtained by Cronbach's alpha and Macdonald's coefficient 0.85. Moreover, the parameters of this scale were observed to have a significant positive correlation with Ryff’s psychological well-being scale and the positive emotion factor, but a significant negative correlation with the negative emotion factor.

The concept of human evolution proceeds in stages and each stage represents a sensitive period in which a person needs to perform the task of development related to that period. Good reliability and construct validity, adequate correlation between the factors, as well as convergent and divergent reliability with similar instruments showed that the developmental tasks scale is a suitable one for measuring developmental tasks of students and a reliable one for evaluating interventions in this respect.

The incidence of generalized anxiety disorder causes serious damage to people's cognitive, communication, and social processes and increases anxiety and depression. The current study aimed to compare the cognitive-behavioral and integrated transdiagnostic therapies effectiveness on depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder.

Methods and Materials:

 The current research was quantitative and semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a 2-month follow-up with the control group. The statistical population consisted of all adolescents with a generalized anxiety disorder who were referred to the counseling centers of Khorramabad city. Among them, 45 eligible adolescents were included in the study with the convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two cognitive-behavioral therapy, unified transdiagnostic therapy groups, and a control group. To collect data, the depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS) (Laviband and Laviband, 1995) was used. Likewise, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used for data analysis.

The results of data analysis revealed that cognitive-behavioral therapy had a significant effect on reducing depression and anxiety (p<0.01), however, unified transdiagnostic therapy was effective in reducing depression and anxiety symptoms (p<0.001). Likewise, no significant difference was observed between the two groups of cognitive-behavioral therapy and unified transdiagnostic therapy on the reduction of depression and anxiety symptoms.

Based on the findings, there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two methods. These two treatment approaches can be used as effective interventions for depression and anxiety of adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effectiveness of Emotion Focused Therapy on Alexithymia and Internalized Self-Criticism in Neurotic Perfectionist girls.

Methods and Materials: 

The statistical population consisted of all Neurotic Perfectionist girls in Ahvaz. The research sample consisted of 5 girls that were selected according to the results of the neurotic perfectionism questionnaires (NPQ), using purposeful sampling method. In this research, a single-case experimental design, type of concurrent multiple baseline designs was used. Instruments were Toronto ʼs Alexithymia Scale (1994), Thompson and Zuroff ʼs The Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (LSCS) (2004). The data was collected in three phases of baseline, during intervention, and three month follow-up.

The findings indicate that the subjects in the treatment phase experienced improvement in Alexithymia (10.58) and Internalized Self-Criticism (21.32), and in the follow-up in regards to Alexithymia (19.41) and Internalized Self-Criticism (51.76). The change index was indicative of meaningful changes (z=1.96 α=0.05).

Therefore, the research findings illustrated that Emotion Focused Therapy reduces Alexithymia and Internalized Self-Criticism in Neurotic Perfectionist girls.

Childhood is one of the most important stages of life, in this period of life, all kinds of sexual harassment may occur for children. This research was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of sex education in sexually abused children and normal children.

Methods and Materials:

 The present study was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this research was children aged 7 to 12 years in the southwest of Tehran in 1400. The statistical sample of this research consisted of 15 sexually abused children and 15 normal children in the 16th and 19th district of Tehran, who were selected using the purposeful sampling method. The research tools were Russell, Peplau and Cutrona isolation questionnaire (1978), California Clark et al.'s social adjustment questionnaire (1953) and Gresham and Elliott's social skills questionnaire (1990), which were implemented on both groups of children. Finally, the data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance methods with the help of SPSSV22 software.

The findings showed that sexual education training is more effective on increasing adaptation and social skills at the confidence level of 99% (P<0.01) and reducing isolationism at the confidence level of 95% (P<0.05) of sexually abused children compared to normal children.

The findings of the research show that sex education can reduce children's behavioral problems and improve their adaptation and social skills, and therefore, sex education should be prioritized for abused children.

Mentalization capacity is necessary for empowering students in interpersonal interactions and consequently obtaining future success, and for this reason, it is necessary to know its correlates, Therefore The purpose of the current research was to investigate the mentalization based on attachment styles, Ego strength, Object relations and Pattern of anxiety manifestation in students.

Methods and Materials: 

The research community was formed by the students of Isfahan National University and Azad University in 2022, according to the latest reports, their number is 35161. Based on Cochran's formula, 380 students were selected as available. The research tools were Attachment Styles Questionnaire (ASQ), Psychosocial Inventory of Ego Strengths (PIES), Bell Object Relations Inventory (BORI), Anxiety Manifestation Patterns Questionnaire and Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ) which were completed individually by students. Data analysis was done by multiple regression analysis using the twenty-sixth version of SPSS software.

The results showed that secure and ambivalent attachment styles as well as ego strength can significantly predict students' mentalization capacity. (p<0.05).

Therefore, in order to improve students' mentalization, it is necessary to pay attention to secure and ambivalent attachment styles as well as ego strength.

Given the increasing prevalence of autism in all parts of the world and Iran, and that this disease in most cases is a severely debilitating disorder throughout a person's life. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of risk factors associated with autism.

Methods and Materials: 

This cross-sectional study was performed on the population of patients with autism referred to autism centers in Isfahan in 2016. After entering the samples to study the risk factors questionnaire was completed by him. The collected data were described using descriptive statistics including frequency tables and theoretical indicators and dispersion, information and all statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software version 19.

The results of the study showed that the background and environmental factors include gender, date of birth, age of parents, family relationship of parents, education of parents, number of children and rank of children, place of residence during pregnancy, place of residence in the first year of birth, weight of mother before pregnancy. , mother suffering from high blood pressure during pregnancy, diabetes, smoking and alcohol consumption, antidepressant use, anticonvulsant use, terbutaline use to prevent premature birth, type of pregnancy method, contact with volatile solvents such as gasoline, toluene, contact with Lead, fish oil consumption and vitamin D levels before and during pregnancy were related to autism in children.

According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that environmental factors can affect genetic and epigenetic factors in parents in the long run. This event highlights the role of environmental factors in causing autism spectrum disorders.